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Józef Cyrankiewicz

Polish politician (–)

Józef Adam Zygmunt Cyrankiewicz (pronounced[ˈjuzɛft͡sɨranˈkʲɛvit͡ʂ]ⓘ; 23 April – 20 January ) was a Polish Socialist (PPS) and after Communist politician. He served as premier of the Polish People's Republic between and , and again for 16 years between and He also served as Chairman of the Polish Council of State from to [1][2]

Early life

Cyrankiewicz was born in Tarnów in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to father Józef (–)[3] and mother Regina née Szpak (–).[4] His father was a local activist of the National Democracy[5] as well as lieutenant in the Polish Armed Forces[6] while his mother was an owner of several sawmills.[7] Cyrankiewicz attended the Jagiellonian University.

He became secretary of the Kraków branch of the Polish Socialist Party in [8]

World War II

Active in the Union of Armed Struggle (Związek Walki Zbrojnej, later renamed to Armia Krajowa), the Polish resistance organisation, from the beginning of Poland's defeat at the start of World War II, Cyrankiewicz was captured by the Gestapo in the spring of and after imprisonment at Montelupich was sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp.

He arrived on 4 September , and received registration number 62,[9]

He, along with other Auschwitz prisoners, was eventually transferred to Mauthausen as the Soviet front line approached Auschwitz late in the war. He was eventually liberated by the US Army.

The Auschwitz controversy

According to post-war communist era-propaganda, while in Auschwitz, Cyrankiewicz attempted to organize a resistance movement among the other imprisoned socialists and also worked on bringing the various international prisoners' groups together; those claims, used to build up his reputation in post-war Poland, are considered exaggerated by modern historians.[10][11] Instead, modern historians note that Cyrankiewicz controversially not only refused an appeal of a death sentence by Witold Pilecki, a Home Army resistance fighter who infiltrated Auschwitz and is considered to be the main creator of the resistance there, but suggested that he be treated "harshly, as an enemy of the state".[12][13][11]

Rise to power

First period in office

Following the end of the war, he became secretary-general of the Polish Socialist Party's central executive committee in However, factional infighting split the Party into two camps: one led by Cyrankiewicz, the other by Edward Osóbka-Morawski, who was also prime minister.

Osóbka-Morawski thought the PPS should join with the other non-communist party in Poland, the Polish Peasant Party, to form a united front against communism. Cyrankiewicz argued that the PPS should support the communists (who held most of the posts in the government) in carrying through a socialist programme, while opposing the imposition of one party rule.

The Communist Polish Workers' Party (PPR) played on this division within the PPS, dismissing Osóbka-Morawski and making Cyrankiewicz prime minister.

The PPS merged with the PPR in to form the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). Although the PZPR was the PPR under a new name, Cyrankiewicz remained as prime minister. He was also named a secretary of the PZPR Central Committee.[14]

Cyrankiewicz gave up the prime minister's post in because party boss Bolesław Bierut wanted the post for himself.

He did, however, become a deputy premier under Bierut.

Second period in office

However, in , after Poland returned to "collective leadership," Cyrankiewicz returned to the premiership, a post he would hold until By this time, there was little left of Cyrankiewicz the socialist, as evidenced during the upheaval following Nikita Khrushchev's "secret speech." He tried to repress the rioting that erupted across the country at first, threatening that "any provocateur or lunatic who raises his hand against the people's government may be sure that this hand will be chopped off."[15]

Cyrankiewicz was also responsible for the order to fire on the protesters during the demonstrations on the coast in which 42 people were killed and more than a 1, wounded.

A few months after these demonstrations, Cyrankiewicz turned over the premiership to his longtime deputy, Piotr Jaroszewicz, and was named chairman of the Council of State—a post equivalent to that of president. Although it was nominally the highest state post in Poland, Cyrankiewicz had gone into semi-retirement.

He held this post until he formally retired in

Cyrankiewicz died in , a few months before the collapse of the communist regime. However, Cyrankiewicz (with others involved in the show trial) was posthumously charged in with complicity in Witold Pilecki's judicial murder.[citation needed]

Honours and awards

National honours

Foreign honours

See also

References

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